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Some versions of this command also give counts of the number of errors as well. The output also gives the maximum transmission unit (MTU) size for each interface's local network and a count of the number of incoming and outgoing packets since the last boot. This HP-UX system has one Ethernet interface named lan0. The -i option is used to display a summary of the network interfaces on the system: # netstat -i Name Mtu Network Address Ipkts Opkts lan0 1500 192.168.9.0 greta 2399283 9329 127.0.0.0 loopback 15856 15856 Passive connections are characterized by the LISTEN keyword in the state column. Here is an example from the output: Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address (state) tcp 0 0 *:imap *:* LISTEN If you include netstat's -a option, the display will also include passive connections: network ports where a service is listening for requests. (Some versions of netstat do not provide this information and thus always display zeros in these columns.) These numbers indicate current, pending data (in bytes), not the total amount transferred since the connection began. The Recv-Q and Send-Q columns indicate how much data is currently queued between the two systems via each connection. The port on the transmitting end is just some arbitrary port without intrinsic meaning and so remains untranslated. Why is this? Connections on the receiving system use the defined port number for that service, and netstat is able to translate them into a service name like login or shell. shell appendix indicates a connection servicing a single command. login suffix indicates a connection made with rlogin or with rsh without arguments the. All but one of the connections a connection to lear are outgoing: the address form of a hostname with a port number appended indicates the originating system for the connection. On this host, hamlet, there are currently two connections each to portia, lear, and duncan, and one connection to laertes. # netstat | grep -v localhost Active Internet connections Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address (state) tcp 0 737 hamlet.1018 duncan.shell ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 hamlet.1019 portia.shell ESTABLISHED tcp 348 0 hamlet.1020 portia.login ESTABLISHED tcp 120 0 hamlet.1021 laertes.login ESTABLISHED tcp 484 0 hamlet.1022 lear.login ESTABLISHED tcp 1018 0 hamlet.1023 duncan.login ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 hamlet.login lear.1023 ESTABLISHED Some versions of netstat also include data about Unix domain sockets in this report (omitted from the upcoming example). In this output, it is often useful to filter out lines containing 'localhost' to limit the display to interesting data: Without arguments, netstat lists all active network connections with the local host. Moving from these generic examples to the format on your systems will be easy. The specific output of the netstat command varies somewhat from system to system, although the basic information that it provides is the same.

It can provide some basic data about how much and what kind of network activity is currently going on, and also summary information for the recent past. It is used to monitor a system's TCP/IP network activity. The netstat command is the most general of these tools. (We've already considered three such tools: ping and arp in Section 5.3 and nslookup in Section 8.1.5.2 earlier in this chapter). Each command provides a specific type of network information and allows you to probe and monitor various aspects of network functionality. We'll begin with the standard Unix commands designed for various network monitoring and troubleshooting tasks on the local system.

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In this section, we'll take a look at representative examples of each type, thereby enabling you to select the approach and software that is appropriate for your site. Fortunately, there are a variety of tools to help with this job, ranging from simple single-host network status utilities to complex network monitoring and management packages. However, monitoring and managing the network on an ongoing basis can be no less daunting, especially for very large networks. Installing and configuring a network can be a daunting task, especially if you're starting from scratch. For most of us, networking-related tasks make up a large fraction of our system administration duties.